3,7-Dimethyl-2

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Citral is an organic substance with the chemical formula C10H16O, one of the most important representatives of the open-chain monoterpenes, found in maple hay oil and celandine oil, and natural citral is a mixture of two geometric isomers.

Citral a (also known as geranial, trans-citral) is a colorless oily liquid with lemon aroma; boiling point 229°C, density 0.8888 g/cm (20°C); it oxidizes easily in air and turns yellow. Citral a oxidized with ammoniacal silver oxide to get vanillic acid.
Citral b (also known as nerolidol, cis-citral) is a colorless or pale yellow liquid; boiling point 120°C, density 0.8869 g/cm (20°C). Both isomers are soluble in ethanol and ether.
Usually citral is a mixture of the above two, for the light yellow lemon scented oily volatile liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, propylene glycol, glycerol, mineral oil and other organic solvents. Relative density 0.891 (25/25 ℃), boiling point 228-229 ℃. Exist in citrus oil, lemon oil, lemongrass oil, celandine oil, white lemon oil, verbena oil and other essential oils of plants
Citral can be separated from essential oils; it can also be obtained from industrial geraniol (and nerol) by reduced-pressure gas-phase dehydrogenation with a copper catalyst; it can also be synthesized from dehydro-linalool under the action of vanadium catalyst. Citral can be used in the manufacture of citrus flavor food spices, because of easy oxidation and polymerization and discoloration, only used in neutral media; also used in the synthesis of isohumol, hydroxycitronella aldehyde and violet ketone, violet ketone is the raw material of vitamin A synthesis. Citral is a terpene compound
Physical and chemical properties of citral
Citral structure colorless or slightly yellow liquid, with strong lemon flavor. There is no spinosity. There are two cis-trans isomers. Treated with sodium bisulfite, the cis form is minimally soluble, while the trans form is very large, so the two can be separated. cis-Citral (Nerolidol): [Relative Density] 0.8898 [Refractive Index (nD20)] 1.4891 [Boiling Point] 118 ~ 119 ℃ (2666Pa). Trans citral (geranial): [relative density] 0.8888 [refractive index (nD20)] 1.4891 [boiling point] 117 ~ 118 ℃ (2666Pa). Citral is soluble in oil, propylene glycol and ethanol, insoluble in glycerol and water. Natural products exist in lemongrass oil (70% ~ 80%), celandine oil (about 70%), lemon oil, white lemon oil, citrus leaf oil and so on. Citral can be cyclized to p-isopropyltoluene under the action of sulfuric acid. It is unstable in alkali and can be resinated under the action of strong alkali.

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